The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 1019 Words

Depression is a rising topic nowadays, however it has been present in human history for a long time. It is highly important to treat this sickness properly, since it can have big repercussions in someone’s life and health. In class, we discussed the case of The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. This story is a clear example of a depression case treatment gone wrong. It illustrated the effects and consequences of negligence in the treatment of depression, centering on patients of the Victorian age. The â€Å"rest cure† was the common treatment given to women who suffered from depression or hysteria (Poirier 15). This treatment was not only ineffective but it was prejudicial to their mental health. In Gilman’s story, the narrator is diagnosed with nervous depression by her husband and brother, physicians of high standing. Her husband decides that the best way to treat her is making sure she rests, isolating her from everything that can harm her. She is left alone with nothing to do and no one to interact with, not even her own son. Additionally, the narrator was forbidden to express her emotions, especially through her writing, which ends up worsening her illness. A feeling of loneliness overcomes her and with nothing more than her room’s yellow wallpaper as a source of entertainment, she slowly falls into madness. The Yellow Wallpaper is the perfect example of how the treatment given to mentally ill women in the Victorian age was deficient, and in many casesShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not rece iving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are flawed individuals. Although flaws can be bad, people learn and grow from the mistakes made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, gives one a true look at using flaws to help one grow. Gilman gives her reader’s a glimpse into what her life would have consisted of for a period of time in her life. Women were of little importance other than to clean the house and to reproduce. This story intertwines the reality of what the lives of woman who were considered toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonder ful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman904 Words   |  4 Pagescom/us/definiton/americaneglish/rest-cure?q=rest+cure). Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper as a reflection of series of events that happened in her own life. Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woma n suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist encouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other

The Internet And Its Effect On Society - 1540 Words

We are living in a world where the Internet has become an integral part of our everyday life. Everything is at our fingertips through the Internet: school, work, business, personal, and so forth; that our society has made its usage almost mandatory. It has made everything easier and people today cannot even imagine how their lives would be without this genre of technologies. But, we cannot expect that something as useful as the Internet will not have adversely effects in people. However, in this technological era where the world is open to us as much as we want with just a touch of a button, the Internet has been more helpful than harmful to our society. The Internet was created with a sole purpose: to research and interchange information. Today, the Internet has a variety of uses in societies worldwide. Its history speaks by itself: â€Å"It took to the radio 38 years to reach 50 million users, to the Television 13 years, but to the Internet only four years† (Smith). According to eMarketer, an independent market research company founded in 1998 and located in New York, today, Internet uses in the world are 3,000,000,000 compared with 750,000,000 users by 2003. As July of 2013 Internet users by regions were in Asia 48.4%; in North and South America 21.8%; in Europe 19%; in Africa 9.8%; Oceania 2%. The three Countries with a higher usage of Internet are China, United States and India (eMarketer). As a result, â€Å"The number of social network users around the world will rise fromShow MoreRelatedThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1553 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This research paper is about the Internet. I choose to write a Qualitative essay because the Internet has a myriad of information to speak on. Moreover, using the Qualitative research method over the Quantitative research gave me a chance to become more knowledgeable in exactly what I was writing on. It also gave me a chance to understand and become more aware of the topic to write a great essay. Additionally, when I looked at the numerical data from the Quantitative research the informationRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1590 Words   |  7 PagesPoint in case, the Internet is an aspect of the 21st century that had no place in previous generations, yet occupies a percentage of time nowadays. The Internet has many positive features, yet numerous, less known harmful effects on society, affecting different age groups and parts of the population in different ways. The Internet is predominantly a catalyst for communication; communication that would otherwise have been extremely difficult or impossible to initiate. The Internet helps people stayRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesuniversal PC s net known as Internet . Internet is essential need of young time today; youth can get by without sustenance yet can t make due without web. Above all else, Internet gives access to a considerable measure of data. Some of them are exceptionally valuable in your employment different aides in your pastime. At first web was not so conspicuous but instead after advancement in adaptable development web has wound up crucial need of people in worldwide. Internet has extended correspondenceRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1614 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world, the internet is the leading source of information and the leading way of communication. Every year, technology improves, and so does society’s dependence on it. The use of the internet has made a huge impact in the society causing controversy. Social media can help people to communicate and to be in touch with their families and friends, but it can also disconnect people from reality. This can be seen in today s new generations, since children and adolescents tend to be more involvedRead MoreEffects Of The Internet On Society1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe world wide web, otherwise called the internet, came about in the 1960s and was primarily used for researchers and academia. But since the 1990s, the internet has had that revolutionary effect on the culture and commerce in our society. This includes communication by email, instant messaging, and internet phone calls. In addition, there is also the world wide web with discussion forums, social networking sites, and online shopping sites, which people, despite their generational differences, utilizeRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society3739 Words à ‚  |  15 PagesThe Internet is a debatably the most important invention that mankind has ever accomplished. Having access to everyone at any given time is something of a dream back in the past and now that it is here there is no stopping the effects it has on society. Social media, GPS, email the list goes on and on what the Internet can do, it would be a shorter list to just tell what the Internet cannot do. Having this being said businesses have felt the effects of the ever growing technology of the World WideRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effects On Society Essay1834 Words   |  8 Pagesof this common, every-day scenario, is the internet. Winston Ross, a Senior Writer for Newsweek described the internet as the following, â€Å"It is available, affordable and accessible† (Ross 3). The internet is a positive technological advancement that has contributed immensely to socialization, education and work life. Though the internet is known for being addictive and distracting, the benefits of using it far outweigh any potential risks. The internet is used today across the world as a large socialRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1852 Words   |  8 Pagesthousands more will â€Å"like† an Instagram photo†¦and that’s if they read very quickly (Marrouat). Today, many people use the Internet for everything. The internet has many benefits, anyone that has a computer with internet can find any information and can even add to it. That’s why the Internet is known as the collected knowledge of millions of people. The most popular tool of the Internet though, is its way for socialization. Socialization is referring to the way people communicate and how they do it. ThereRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe introduction of the Internet to society resulted in the opportunity for people to produce, consume and share creative content. This culture of online production and consumption is bound to copyright and fair use laws. While these laws have the capacity to protect an individual’s ownership of intellectual property and creative content, they are not conducive to a vibrant culture of creativity. The Internet and its evolution of search engine engagement has cultivated an online community that canRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society917 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is a cyberspace of knowledge compacted to fit in to the palm of our hands. It has the power to connect us to people across the ocean, deliver food to our homes and even help us meet the love of our lives. However, this type of power comes with a great responsibility of its own. Nowadays, the internet has become a way to target those who are gullible or those who have limited knowledge of it. The internet now has had an especially big impact when it comes to children and sexual predators

OB standard Free Essays

Comparing western and Philippine standards and Issues regarding maternal and child health care A. Advanced Nurse Roles Nurses are the ones primarily doing the health assessment and they expand their roles by not Just being an educator or a following physician’s order. They also know how to look and assess a person and have a diagnosis which can help them determine the mother’s need. We will write a custom essay sample on OB standard or any similar topic only for you Order Now They can find signs that can lead them to modify their plan and make the most appropriate care management for them. They can order lab exults and are also trained to read diagnostic test results and participate in research studies. They collaborate with other health care teams to formulate a care plan and they motivate the patients to cooperate. B. Ethical Legal Issues Laws and bills: Philippines, being a conservative country, has laws that ensure the rights of the fetus and even though bills (egg. RE BILL) are being proposed to be the solution for the problems in our country, we are still tentative and looking at it very carefully. The Filipino people believe that these bills can still have some reformations and that it ill be less immoral and more ethical. Western countries are more liberated that the Philippines, thus they have laws regarding the maternal and child health care (egg. Legal abortions). Ethical Issues In Reproduction Involve conflicts In which a woman behaves In a way that may cause harm to her or the fetus. Conflicts occur when the mothers needs, behaviors or wishes may injure the fetus Infertility Treatment Perennial technology has found was for previously infertile couples to bear children. But ethical concerns include the high cost and overall low success of some infertility reattempts. Other ethical concerns focused on the fate of unused embryos- should it be kept for later use or for genetic research. Surrogate parenting It’s when a woman agrees to bear an Infant for another woman. Conception may take place outside the body using ova and sperm from the couple then Implanted on the surrogate mother. An issue closely related to surrogate parenting is the use of donor Fetal Injury If a mother’s action cause injury to her fetus, whether she should be restrained or prosecuted had legal and ethical implications. How to cite OB standard, Papers

Cultural Diversity Todays Teacher Essay Example For Students

Cultural Diversity Today?s Teacher Essay Cultural Diversity Todays Teacher Education in America has evolved through out its history and has become a major necessity to excel in the work force, just imagine 100 years ago graduating high school in many areas was rare, twenty-five years ago a high school diploma was a must to find a good job and now college and mostly likely grad school is expected by many young adults in order to ensure financial security in life. So if education is evolving then the instructors which provide the information and lessons to our children must also evolve with the ever changing tides the educational field presents today. One of the most notable differences is the students in the class rooms, with different ethnic groups more intertwined than ever teachers have been exposed to a much different class room setting than those that had came before them. Todays teachers must open their minds and evolve into the next generation of instructors and in order to do so they will have to become more aware and sensitive to a more diverse clas sroom The need to create a teaching force that is culturally sensitive is undeniable. According to The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education teacher candidates must develop proficiencies for working with students from diverse backgrounds; dispositions that respect and value differences, and skills for working in diverse settings. As teacher educators, we hope that cultural diversity classes will help out students become aware of their own beliefs and become more culturally diverse. (The Ethnography Project p1) Cultural diversity, its a phrase we have all heard at sometime or another but what does I mean for teachers and the way they go about designing lesson plans, delivering lectures, grading and any other aspect of teaching that comes to mind. Teachers can no longer expect to have a class room in which all the students are primarily from the same cultural background and even in the majority are to be an effective teacher he or she must reach all the students even those in the minority. To achieve this, instructors must first understand and be sensitive towards different ethnic and cultural back grounds. The ways in which people converse with one another can vary greatly from culture to culture. For example, when a teacher asks a direct question, students from some cultures may not immediately respond. To answer quickly might be considered disrespectful and might indicate that not enough thought had been given to the question. But, if the teacher makes a casual observation or comment, that student might feel more comfortable about responding and joining in a discussion. Also, it helps to remember that people from some minority groups find the challenging often coercive, conversational style of many North Americans to be quite intimidating.(Effective Schools Research p1) That excerpt from one of the journal articles I researched gives a good example of how a teacher can reach out to minority students and make sure that they get involved and the great their involvement the less likely they are to fall behind. However it is not enough to simply recognize that certain students are different but the teacher must be able to understand that a students perception of a lot of things has to do with where he or she comes from. For example an inner city student shows no interest in learning he sleeps in class does poorly on tests and rarely turns in his home work assignments. At a glance a teacher would simply look at this student and think that he I just not intelligent and has no hope of achieving an education. But a cultural sensitive teacher does not just glance he or she opens their mind to think why this student is acting in such a manner, maybe he sleeps in class because he lives in a dangerous house hold and is afraid to sleep, maybe their lack of interest in class is because the student is worried about things at home, perhaps his grades and test scores are low because education is not a priority at home. There are many possibilities that could be holding this student back from succeeding and by being open minded and culturally sensitive .

Semantic and Functional Peculiarities of Preposition in Modern English free essay sample

Understanding the importance of the English language more and more people in the world want to learn and to know English. Prepositions pose more problems for the non-native speaker or learner of English than any other part of speech, because they are not used in the same way in different languages. This topic was investigated by such researchers and scientists as Tom Cole, Yates Jean, James Heaton, Seth Lindstromberg, O’Dowd Elizabeth, Prieur Charles amp; Speyer Elizabeth. Object – prepositions in Modern English. Subject – classification of prepositions in Modern English and their usage. Aim – to highlight different classification of English prepositions and explain their usage. Objectives – 1. Give general characteristics of the preposition as a part of speech. 2. Reveal the Morphological classification of English prepositions. 3. Characterize functional classes of the prepositions. 4. Examine the Idiomatic expressions with prepositions and their speech functions. Methods – 1. Analysis of the scientific literature on grammar of the English language 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Semantic and Functional Peculiarities of Preposition in Modern English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Comparison, juxtaposition of the information and generalization of the research’s results. CHAPTER 1 1. 1. General characteristics of the preposition as a part of speech Learning about the parts of speech is the first step in grammar study just as learning the letters of the alphabet is the first step to being able to read and write. From learning the parts of speech we begin to understand the use or function of words and how words are joined together to make  meaningful communication. [13]. ‘In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: â€Å"semantic†, â€Å"formal† and â€Å"functional†. In accord with the described criteria, words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional’ [5]. Preposition belongs to the functional parts of speech and expresses the dependencies and interdependencies of substantive referents. 1) Meaning. The meaning of prepositions is obviously that of relations between things and phenomena. 2) Form. Prepositions are invariable. 3) Function. (a) Prepositions enter into phrases in which they are preceded by a noun, adjective, numeral, stative, verb or adverb, and followed by a noun, adjective, numeral or pronoun. b) In a sentence a preposition never is a separate part of it. It goes together with the following word to form an object, adverbial modifier, predicative or attribute, and in extremely rare cases a subject. [7] A preposition is a word which shows the relationships between a noun or a pronoun and other word in the sentence. Prepositions are usually (but not always) placed before noun or pronoun which they govern. Prepositions are use in order to add up emphasis in the sentences. These words are often compound with other parts of speech like conjunctions, verbs and even with adverbs. When that happens, it gradually forms a new word which acts as a preposition and thus giving more meaning in the sentence. The lexical meaning of the preposition is rather unclear. The function of prepositions in English is to connect nouns (and noun-like constructions) to other parts of the sentence. It is impossible to speak or understand English well without a good knowledge of the use and meaning of prepositions, and this knowledge cannot be acquired from the dictionary; it ust be gained in practice and experience. Most prepositions are short words, and they are almost always spoken with weak stress in the sentence. The listener has to be alert for them. Nevertheless, these little words carry important elements of meaning, as we have seen. [9] They express such ideas as location, destination, direction of motion, time, manner, agent, and many others. Prepositions and prepositional phrase perform ten main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. There are te n main functions of prepositions and prepositional phrases: 1. Head of preposition phrase 2. Noun phrase modifier 3. Noun phrase complement 4. Adjective phrase modifier 5. Adjective phrase complement 6. Verb phrase modifier 7. Verb phrase complement 8. Adjunct 9. Adverbial 10. Particle 11. These functions are discussed in the following paragraphs. Heads of Prepositional Phrases. Prepositions first function as the heads of prepositional phrases. The head of a phrase is the defining word type of that phrase. For example, the heads of noun phrases are nouns, and the heads of verb phrases are verbs. Modifiers of Phrases. Prepositional phrases secondly function as modifiers and complements of noun phrases, adjective phrases, and verb phrases. Words and phrases that function as modifiers modify or define other words and phrases. Complements of Phrases. Words and phrases that function as complements act to complete the meaning of other words and phrases. The main difference between modifiers and complements is that modifiers are optional and can be replaced by any number of other prepositional phrases while complements are often required. Adjuncts and Adverbials. Prepositional phrases also function as adjuncts and adverbials in sentences. Adjuncts frame an entire sentence and are optional. Adverbials are similar to adjuncts because adverbials also provide additional information about an entire sentence and are optional. Adverbials, however, express information such as time, place, manner, condition, reason, or purpose of an entire sentence. Adjuncts and adverbials are both optional because their addition and removal does not change the meaning of the main sentence. Particles. Finally, prepositions function as particles in phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of a verb and one or more prepositions. So, preposition is a functional part of speech which function is to connect nouns or pronouns to other word in the sentence. They can function in the sentence as heads of prepositional phrase, modifiers of phrases, complements of phrases, adjuncts, adverbials and particles. [12] 1. 2. Morphological classification of English prepositions There are a lot of classifications of the prepositions according to different criteria. Scientists have some differences in classification of this part of speech. On its shape the prepositions are divided on simple, complex or compound. It is the most common classification. The simple prepositions are those which are not dividable on componential parts. We refer here the most ancient English prepositions which are mostly monosyllabic, such as in, on, at, by, to, with, from, of etc. Simple prepositions can possess a varied number of semantic and contextual meanings. Compound prepositions can be divided into two groups: * two-word units (a word + a simple preposition), such as apart from * three-word units (a simple preposition + a noun + a simple preposition), such as by means of. 14] The Compound prepositions mainly have one meaning, corresponding to the meaning of a meaningful word falling into the compound of the preposition. Composite or phrasal prepositions include a word of another class and one or two prepositions, as in by virtue of, but for, because of, by means of, instead of, on account of, thanks to, with reference to, opposite to, in front of, for the sake of, in spite of, for the sake of, except for, du e to, in addition to, with regard to, on behalf of, in line with. A composite preposition is indivisible both syntactically and semantically, that is, no element of it can be varied, abbreviated, or extended according to the normal rules of syntax. There are also derived prepositions which are formed from other words, mainly participles: excepting, concerning, considering, following, including, during, depending, granted, past, except . [8] According to the† English Prepositions Explained† by Seth Lindstromberg there are following classification: Table 1. Classification by specificity of meaning[2] General| Specific| yinonunder | alongside, beside, next to, in front of†¦Into, inside, withinonto, on top ofbelow, beneath, underneath| Classification by shape of the Landmark [2] 1. The Landmark is seen as an container/enclosure, space, or medium (e. g. water, air): * It’s in/out of the room. (location) * It went into/out of/through the room. (movement along a path) * It scattered papers through out/all through the room. (distrib ution) 2. The Landmark is seen as a surface: * It’s lying on/off/across the carpet. (location) * It went onto/off/across the carpet. movement along a path) * It scattered papers all across the carpet. (distribution) 3. The Landmark is seen as long and narrow: * There’s a ditch along the road. (location) * Go along the road. (movement along a path) * They scattered litter all along the road. (distribution) 4. The Landmark is seen as a point on a potential or actual path: * It’s toward/at/away from the school. (location) * We went to/from/via the school. (movement along a path) The very different classification is shown in this table says relatively little about word meaning at all: Table 2. Classification by (in)transitivity [2] Grammaticalbehavior| Exampleprepositions| Exampleof normal usage| Exampleof odd usage| Transitive | into| He crashed into a tree. | He crashed into. (I. e. There must be a grammatical object)| Transitive orintransitive| in| Let’s go in the house. Let’s go in. | -| Intransitive| away| Go away. | Go away me. (I. e. there can be nogrammatical object. )| Table 3. Classification by number of quite distinct meanings [2] Few meanings| Several meanings| underneath toward(s) away below against of on| by| Table 4. Classification by frequency [2] High| Medium| Low| to, of, in, on, for, with, at, from, by, up, out* | below| alongside, underneath| *More or less in this order, these 11 prepositions are likely to appear in lists of the 50 highest frequency word forms of English (e. g. O’Keeffe, et al. 2007: 34–36). Table 5. Classification by register (~ degree of formality) [2] Formal| concerning, regarding| Usable in all registers| abou| Informal| ‘bout| Table 6. Classification by source languages [2] Germanic (Old Englishor Scandinavian):| Latin| Greek | at, by, for,to†¦ from, in, off, on, out, overthrough, till, to, under, with†¦| Direct from Latin:cum, per, qua, pro, versus, via†¦ | meta, parallel | | Via French:across,concerning, regarding†¦ | | We can see various classifications of English prepositions. They can be classified by shape, by specificity of meaning, by shape of Landmark, by (in)transitivity, by number of quite distinct meanings, by frequency, by register, by source language, etc. 1. 3. Functional classes of prepositions There is also semantic classification. Prepositions can be used to express a wide range of semantic relations between their complement and the rest of the context. The most popular classification single out three types of prepositions: 1. Preposition of Time; 2. Preposition of Place and location; 3. Preposition of Direction (Movement). Prepositions of time used to show when something happened. 1. For one particular point in time: Use on for the days of the week: * Joe will be leaving on Saturday. * Harvey gets paid on Friday. Use at for time of day and also for the words noon, night, midnight: * Peter’s friends are arriving at 10 a. m. * The class starts at noon. * The fireworks show will begin at midnight. Use in for other parts of the day, and with months, years, seasons: * It gets cold here in December. * Connie was born in the fall. 2. For other periods of time: since, for, by, from _____to, from _____until, during, within: * Samantha will be on vacation for three weeks. (She has three weeks of vacation time. ) * Cameron was busy painting his house from June to September. beginning in June and ending in September. ) [15] Prepositions of place are used to describe the place or position of nouns. Prepositions expressing place or location (spatial relations) are classed as: 1) prepositions of location and 2) prepositions of direction. They may be either positive or negative. Prepositions of location are used with verbs describing states or conditions (â€Å"be† and its forms are the most co mmonly used verbs), and prepositions of direction are used with action verbs. * The sale is at the mall. (the sale exists, isa state of being) * We went to the sale. we performed an action—we went) To express ideas about a place 1. Talking about something that is within the parameters of a place: Use in: * with spaces: in a house, in a field, in a bar, in a cafe Theres a strange sound in the basement. † * with bodies of water: in the pool, in the pond, in the ocean, in the bathtub * with lines: in a line, in a row Examples: * I dont want to wait on line at the bank. * When you get to the airport, get in line immediately, if you dont want to have to wait for 2 hours. Use on: 2. Talking about the surface of a place: * Larry left these books on the steps. * with surfaces: on the wall, on the floor, on the chair * with small islands:  I shopped on (the Isle of) Capri last year. When we went sailing, we stayed on     (the island of)   Bora Bora overnight. * with di rections: on ahead, on the left, on the side, on the top Use at: 3. Talking about the actual location of a place (point):    * â€Å"Martha met Donald at the movies. † * with places: at the store, at the races, at the movies * with places on a page: at the middle, at the top, at the bottom of the page * for groups of people: at the front of the audience, at the side of the crowd, at he front of the congregation    Note: In / at / on the corner: You can say in the corner of a room, but at or on the corner of the street. In / at / on the front:  Ã‚  You can say in the front or in the back of a bus, or a plane, or a car, BUT at the front of a store, or at the front of a crowd, or at the front of a line of people. Something is on the front /on the back of a sheet of paper, BUT you write in a notebook, or on the cover of the notebook. Note: When you say I just wrote it on my notebook. , that means that you just wrote something on the cover of the book, not inside the book on a page. Other prepositions used for location: higher, lower, closer to, and farther from a point:    1. Talking about an object higher than a particular point: over, above * The horse jumped over the fence. * The balloons were floating above our heads, but I couldnt catch any of them. 2. Talking about an object lower than a point: under, *underneath, beneath, below. In American English, when we use the word underneath, theres a subtle meaning of many things having been put on top of whatever is underneath. When we use under, most of the time (not always) theres only one thing over, or on top of whatever is under it. If Im under the bed, the bed is the only thing over me. If my diamond ring is lost at a garbage dump, the ring is buried underneath tons and tons of garbage. * â€Å"Victoria already looked under the sofa for Jerrys glasses. † * â€Å"Pete hid under the bed when he heard thunder. † * â€Å"The papers youve been looking for are underneath that pile of books. †    3. Close to a point: near, by, (nearby) next to, between, among, opposite, against, beside, along, around, inside of, across, within * â€Å"Belinda lives near an air base. † (not near to! ) â€Å"Theres a gas station next to the grocery store. † * â€Å"Love is all around us. † 4. Approaching or leaving a point: toward, ahead of, behind, from, out of, through * â€Å"He came toward the house with a grim look on his face. † * â€Å"It came from outer space and landed in New Mexico. † [15] Prepositions of Movement are used to show movement. The most common preposition o f movement or direction is to. To indicates orientation toward a goal. If the goal is a physical one (the store, a party, the kitchen, etc. ), to shows movement toward that point. If the goal is not an actual place, but is an action or a thought, to is used with another verb in the infinitive form and expresses purpose (in order to). Both meanings of the word  to can be used in the same sentence: â€Å"Paul went to Lucy’s house to deliver the gift. † (Lucy’s house is the physical destination, and Pauls purpose is in order to deliver the gift. ) Uses of to: a) The preposition to is used as an ordinary preposition with verbs of communication such as listen, speak, relate (as in telling someone something), appeal (meaning pleading, not as in be attractive to) * Betty began to speak on the microphone. ) The preposition to is used as an ordinary preposition with verbs of movement such as move, go, transfer, walk, run, swim, ride, drive,   fly, travel. *    Maryann needed to drive to the cabin. She had planned to fly there, but then changed her plans. Note: All these verbs (except transfer) can be used with toward, as well as with to. Be a ware that to  suggests movement toward a specific point, and toward suggests movement in a general direction without actually arriving at a specific goal or destination. * I have to go home now. (I must arrive at my home. ) ) The preposition to can be added to a verb in order to create an infinitive. (to walk, to think, to eat, etc. ) This use of to shows: willingness, purpose, obligation, desire, or intent. * I will agree to let you join us. (I am willing to allow you to be with us. ) [15] Some scientists single out some more types: 1. Preposition for Time 2. Preposition for Place 3. Preposition for Direction 4. Preposition for Agent 5. Preposition for Instrument 6. Prepositional Phrase Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding. [16] Examples: * This book is written by Shakespeare. * The tub is filled with water. So, according to the semantic classification of the prepositions they divided into three types: prepositions of time, place and direction. The first are used to show when something happened. The second are used to describe the place or position of nouns. The third are used to show movement. 1. 4. Idiomatic expressions with prepositions and their speech functions The Prepositional Idioms A prepositional idiom consists of a verb followed by a preposition, but unlike an ordinary prepositional phrase, it forms an expression with a nonliteral or idiomatic meaning. Some grammarians consider the prepositional idiom a type of a phrasal verb, others call it the phrasal verb itself, and still others call it a verb phrase. Anyway we call it, however, the distinguishing characteristic of a prepositional idiom is that its meaning is largely determined by the preposition that comes after the verb; in fact, a single verb can yield as many as five or many more meanings depending on the preposition that comes after it. For example, the verb â€Å"back,† which literally means â€Å"to support by material or moral assistance† or â€Å"to cause to go back or in reverse,† yields at least nine different meanings when followed by different prepositions, as follows: * back down – cease defending one’s position in a debate or argument. Example: He’s not the type who’ll back down from a fight because of veiled threats. * back away – get out from a previous commitment. Example: The consortium partner backed away from the deal for undisclosed reasons. * back out – renege from a promise or deal. Example: The boxer backed out from the title fight due to disagreements over the prize money. * back up (1) – provide support to someone or something. Example:   The reporter was asked to back up his expose with documentary evidence. * back up (2) – move backwards or in reverse. Example: She backed up the car so fast that it hit the lamppost. * back out of – not keep a promise or deal. Example:   His lawyer backed out of the case the day before the trial. * back into – hit something while moving backwards. Example: She backed into a lamppost while getting out of the parking slot. back off – escape or run away from something. Example: The police told the demonstrators to back off or face dispersal. * back of – unspoken self-knowledge about the outcome of something Example: He decided to fight, but back of his mind he knew that it was a losing battle. [10] The prepositional idioms or phrasal verbs are much more vulnerable to misuse than ord inary prepositional phrases because the specific preposition to use for each of them isn’t intuitive and doesn’t always follow a definite logic; in fact, their nonliteral meanings can be learned only after one gets adequate immersion in the language. They should therefore be used with caution—and only when the writer or speaker has sufficiently internalized their meaning and the situations or occasions for which they are appropriate. The English language actually has thousands of prepositional idioms or phrasal verbs and there’s really no way for us to know all of them all at once. Indeed, to be able to use them with confidence in our writing or speech, we have no choice but to seriously study them and commit them to memory. [10] A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and one or more prepositions plus possible other words in addition. A key feature of a phrasal verb is that the whole combination of words should function as a lexical unit that has its own meaning. This meaning may be relatively literal as in pick up (litter) ~ ‘gather and remove (litter)’, or not. But when students and teachers speak of phrasal verbs, it is generally the ones which are (semi) idiomatic that they have mind – e. g. the semi-idiomatic get over (a cold) and the very idiomatic put up with (bad behaviour). As it happens, grammarians tend to divide multi-word verbs into the following three classes: –– True phrasal verbs: e. g. look up a word/look word up, in which up is considered to be a ‘particle’ rather than a full-blooded preposition. –– Prepositional verbs: e. g. look after a cat (look a cat after), in which after is considered to be a preposition whose grammatical object is a cat. –– Phrasal-prepositional verbs: e. g. put up with bad behavior, each of which i s considered to consist of a phrasal verb (put up) followed by a prepositional phrase (with bad behavior). Phrasal verbs function as semantic units; that is to say, they have a meaning as a whole. Often their meaning cannot be inferred from the sum of the meanings of the individual words. For this reason, the meaning of phrasal verbs must be memorized as a whole. For example, run into = meet (someone) by accident, talk over = discuss (something), look up = seek (a word) in a reference book, turn on = start the operation of (an appliance), turn off = stop the operation of (an appliance), wait on = serve (someone at a restaurant), look over = examine (a test), look into = investigate. Likewise, phrasal verbs are grammatical units that fulfill normal English verb functions in sentences. They may be transitive or intransitive verbs; i. e. , they may or may not be followed by noun phrases or object pronouns (direct objects). E. g. , I wanted to call up the department store, but I didn’t have its number. He got off at the corner. I haven’t seen my dog for a while; I’m looking for him. If you don’t know the meaning of a word, look it up in a dictionary. Phrasal verbs must be differentiated from normal verb + preposition sequences (also referred to as verb + prepositional phrases). Firstly, phrasal verbs have a stress-placement pattern similar to that of compound words; they have the secondary stress on the verb (the first word) and a primary stress on the function word (the second word). Secondly, unlike phrasal verbs, in verb + preposition combinations both the verb and the prepositions are generally used in their literal meanings. On the other hand, although the meaning of two-word verbs cannot be guessed from the individual meanings of their component words, they can often be paraphrased by using another (usually single-word) verb. For instance, bring about = cause, bring up = raise, care for (someone) from childhood, call off = cancel (a meeting), call on = visit, carry on = continue, carry out = fulfill, complete; come across = discover accidentally. Thirdly, in preposition + verb combinations, the preposition and the following noun phrase form an adverbial prepositional phrase, which can be used as an answer to a question with where. With phrasal verbs, we ask questions with what or who(m) and the answer is usually the direct object, if the verb is transitive. [11] So, the prepositional idiom or phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and one or more prepositions plus possible other words in addition. This whole combination of words should function as a lexical unit that has its own meaning. Phrasal verbs are grammatical units that fulfill normal English verb functions in sentences. But they must be differentiated from normal verb + preposition sequence. Conclusions to the chapter Learning about the parts of speech is the first step in grammar study just as learning the letters of the alphabet is the first step to being able to read and write. Prepositions pose more problems for the non-native speaker or learner of English than any other part of speech, because they are not used in the same way in different languages. Preposition belongs to the functional parts of speech and expresses the dependencies and interdependencies of substantive referents. The function of prepositions in English is to connect nouns (and noun-like constructions) to other parts of the sentence. They can function in the sentence as heads of prepositional phrase, modifiers of phrases, complements of phrases, adjuncts, adverbials and particles. There are a lot of classifications of the prepositions according to different criteria. They can be classified by shape, by specificity of meaning, by shape of Landmark, by (in)transitivity, by number of quite distinct meanings, by frequency, by register, by source language, etc. According to the semantic classification of the prepositions they divided into three types: prepositions of time, place and direction. The first are used to show when something happened. The second are used to describe the place or position of nouns. The third are used to show movement. A prepositional idiom consists of a verb followed by a preposition, but unlike an ordinary prepositional phrase, it forms an expression with a nonliteral or idiomatic meaning. Resume In terms of the present-day importance of learning English, people should know how to use prepositions. Educational significance of the problem of using the prepositions in the speech defines the choice of the topic for our investigation: â€Å"Semantic and functional peculiarities of prepositions in Modern English† The course paper consists of the introduction, one part and six tables. The general number is 23 pages. The list of the used literature consists of 17 sources. The work contains general characteristics of the preposition as a part of speech, morphological and semantic classifications of the preposition and idiomatic expressions with the prepositions.

Honecker and the Belated Reforms

Honecker and the Belated Reforms Introduction The formation and collapse of the German Democratic Republic is a significant chapter in the history of Western Europe and the world at large. Germany was the principal aggressor in World Wars I and II, and its unification and reintegration formed part of the major activities in the wars. The integration of West and East Germany signified the end of the Cold War. During the Cold War, Germany was split into different zones so as to weaken its powers that came by virtue of unity (Childs, 90). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Honecker and the Belated Reforms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The developments during the Cold War era were marked by several events and different actors. The activities and policies of Honecker and Gorbachev have been argued to have had a significant contribution to the fall of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Some people argue that the policies of Honecker had much significa nce to the collapse of the GDR. On the other hand, other people cite the policies of Gorbachev as the chief contributors (Thomas, 382). Thus, this essay will focus on the fall of the GDR during the Cold War period. It will discuss the contribution of Honecker, as well as those of Mikhail Gorbachev in the collapse of the GDR. The paper will establish the main forces between the policies of the two leaders and identify the force with significant contribution to the GDR collapse (Opp, Voss and Gern, 29). Scope of the essay The essay will concentrate on the main factors that led to the collapse of the GDR. The main questions that will be explored in the essay include: was the downfall of the GDR a foreseen gesture or did it come as a surprise? The other question is: which events led to the collapse of the GDR? The last question is: whose policies and activities are resulted in the collapse of the GDR? The Berlin wall and its significance to the GDR The Berlin wall was built as a preven tative measure to the conflicts that were prevailing in Europe at that time. It subdivided Germany into two countries: East German and West German. Each of these countries pursued policies basing on different philosophies. East Germany pursued the socialist philosophy. The East Germany was influenced and supported by the Soviet Union in establishing a socialist government. On the other hand, Western powers supported West Germany in establishing a democratic government. This happened immediately after the end of the Second World War. These two Germany states denoted the opposing ideologies that marked the beginning of the Cold War. These opposing ideologies were capitalism and communism. West Germany was able to attain development achievements that were attributed to capitalism as a political ideology. People of East Germany regarded their counterparts from West Germany as considerably free and developed (Kitchen and Kitchen, 352).Advertising Looking for essay on history? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Honecker administration and the collapse of the Berlin wall The Berlin wall was constructed in 1961 to bar people of Eastern German from escaping to West Germany. The regime of Honecker continued to commit itself to socialism, which was the soviet style of administration. The part under the Honecker’s administration continued with the execution of tough measures against those perceived to be â€Å"rebels†. East Germany continued to face tough economic times characterized by the economic structures that were growing weaker day by day. The central government became incapacitated and could not discharge its duties efficiently. This was eminent in the year 1977 when the country faced what is referred to as the â€Å"Coffee Crisis†. This, together with a couple of many other political problems, culminated into a revolt or opposition to the government by the citizenry (Baker, 24 ). Leading Events to the collapse of GDR In the late 1980s, there were growing problems in the economy coupled by flaws and a weakening Soviet system. These factors were hindrances to the government of the Soviet Union in respect to spreading its tentacles to the neighbouring countries. In the year 1986, the then leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev devised two crucial reform movements. One of them was referred to as â€Å"Glasnost† meaning openness. The other one was known as â€Å"Perestroika†. The first multiparty election was held in the year 1989. Gorbachev urged East European countries that were practicing communism to embrace the reform movements he had established. The Eastern European countries were called upon by Gorbachev to raise the standards of their economies through interactions. The call for change by Gorbachev was opposed by hard-lined communists in Eastern Europe (Fleron, Hoffmann and Laird, 649). The developments in Eastern Europe had larg e impacts on the economy of East Germany. These events culminated into a financial crisis in the country. This forced the government of East Germany to squeeze finances out of the population. This was done through the imposition of rationing and other austerity measures to the citizens. The citizens were angered by these measurers that were considered to be exploitative. They launched demonstrations across the country calling for reforms. The citizens called for the election of a democratic government that would guarantee them the freedom. These demands were ignored by Honecker who was the leader of the government of East Germany. The government of East Germany continued to be insensitive to the citizens’ demands. Moreover, the government increased its hostility towards the populace. The pressure continued to pile up on the government. The government was forced to heed to the mounting pressure on 9th of November, 1989. The refugees were allowed to exit East Germany via the crossing points that were on the Berlin wall. This resulted in the collapse of the wall (Plock, 87).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Honecker and the Belated Reforms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gorbachev’s Influence Prior to the 1980s, the foreign policy of the Soviet Union was informed by the fear it had over Germany. The country feared that an independent Germany would dominate it. This is what informed the policies of leaders who came to power in the Soviet Union before Mikhail Gorbachev. The leaders stuck to the traditional concept that was held by Moscow. Gorbachev proposed changes that were aimed at untangling the country from the traditional concept of governance that was held by all his predecessors. The proposals for change made by Gorbachev resulted to the change of the political climate within the East Bloc. The reform-minded communists were receptive to the changes and reforms that were prop osed by Gorbachev in the change policies which he had crafted (Kitson, 8-10). The proposed changes were also critical as they aided in unnerving the rigid communists who strongly believed in Moscow’s philosophy. The adoption of â€Å"Sinatra Doctrine† was among the supportive activities to the change policies of Gorbachev. Sinatra is an attitude of no interference to the internal affairs of the satellite states of Russia. The new reforms by Gorbachev reduced the interference of Russia in East Germany. The citizens of East Germany began to get a room to pressure the government for reforms. Therefore, the signs for political changes were in the offing. If Gorbachev had chosen to go as per the former leaders of the Soviet Union, a room for political changes in East Germany would not have been easily created. Russia would have continued to strengthen its policies and monitoring of the satellite states (Hyde-Price, 145). Gorbachev allowed satellite states to pursue their o wn paths of socialism. In fact, he pushed for this against the will of the hard-liner socialists. He ended up declaring that the satellite states were free to disintegrate and pursue their own matters. This was a significant blow to the staunchest communists such as Egon Honecker who was the then leader of East Germany. It became clear to such leaders that change was imminent in the Soviet Union bloc. The declaration accelerated the infiltration of news from West to East Germany. The East Germans got information about the wellbeing of the people in West Germany. Therefore, most of them were motivated to mount pressure by making spirited attempts to cross over the Berlin wall to join their counterparts in West Germany. The events taking place in Russia were tracked by television stations in West Germany. These events were leaked to the East Germans through the guards who were manning the Berlin wall. A bigger percentage of the population in West Germany managed to track the develop ments taking place in the Soviet Union (Gert-Joachim, 35).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, most people see the actions and policies of Gorbachev as the main motivating factors towards the demise of East Germany. However, the true motives, intensions and implications of the policies of Gorbachev are still subject to debate. A number of scholars have tried to link the policies of Gorbachev to the actions that the Soviet undertook to disintegrate from the political ideology that marked the Cold War. They try to justify that the policy was not related to the participation of Russia in the politics of Western Europe and the world at large. The collapse of East Germany could have come as a result of the indirect effects of the policies that were proposed by Gorbachev. Others argue that the policies of Gorbachev just came at the right time for the political situation in East Germany. Germany had an awful rigid eco-political atmosphere that required an invigorating factor to spark efforts or demand for change. However, it was not expected that the actions of Gorbache v could spark such a strong mass movement leading to the collapse of the Berlin wall. The collapse of the Berlin wall marked the end of a split Germany. This led to the unification of the two states to form a united Germany (Engel, 71-76). Mikhail Gorbachev – was he a real contributor to the collapse of the Germany Democratic Republic The collapse of the GDR is often termed as an unanticipated event in the history of Western Europe. It generated a lot of questions, one of them being the reason as to why the republic was formed in the first place. This question is what could lead to the understanding of the basis on which the republic existed and forces behind its collapse. It is presumed by some historians that the collapse of the GDR was an extraordinarily massive event that could not be likened to actions of a single person. For one to establish the main reasons for the collapse of East Germany with certainty, he or she must be critical in assessing the events that happened before the collapse. Of course, the issue of Gorbachev’s participation or role in the event cannot be ignored. The collapse of East Germany marked the collapse of the communistic rule in East Germany. It was also a leading force behind the collapse of communism in the entire Europe. It was a pointer to the ending of communism (Nuechterlein, 215-220). One must also assess the genesis of the internal wrangles in the GRD that were boosted by other external factors leading to the massive action and the collapse of the GDR. The problems in the GDR emanated from economic forces and governance, which were putting a lot of burden on the citizens of the republic. External developments like the political developments in the USSR only impacted on the forces or wrangles that prevailed within East Germany (White, Batt and Lewis, 29). However, how could the events taking place in the USSR fail to be of significance to Eastern Germany? This is the question that many people ask by arguing that political developments in the Soviet Union would have a direct effect on the existence of the GDR. This is because the USSR was the main architect in the establishment of the GDR. Therefore, any political developments in the Soviet Union would impact on the GDR. It is unrealistic for any person to try to dismiss the fact that the ascendance of Gorbachev to power signified a change of political events in East Germany. The most significant contribution of Gorbachev to the collapse of East Germany came from the policies he invented. The policies were associated with revolutionary forces. Glasnost and Perestroika policies released these forces to the political climate of Eastern Europe. These philosophies negated most of the principles of communism that had been held up by USSR and her satellites states. The internal order that had been established through the practice of communism in East Germany was shaken due to the pressures that resulted from the policies of Gorbachev. Glasn ost encouraged people to think over issues, and this resulted to the desire for change. These aspects acted as triggering factors for a political discourse in the GDR (Gedmin, 56-60). The citizens of the GDR had gotten used to obeying the Soviet in an unequivocal manner. Therefore, with the change brought about by the Gorbachev policies, the citizens began demanding similar changes in East Germany. They wanted reforms that would lead them to freedom. The Soviet Union conducted its first ever election on 26th of March the year 1989. It was evident that the satellite states were going to follow similar steps. The political reforms of Gorbachev in the Soviet Union resulted to the doubt by the East Germany citizens. They doubted the level of commitment of the Soviet Union to guaranteeing the existence of the GDR. Thus, the USSR became a source of hope for the people of East Germany where Mikhail Gorbachev becoming their icon of change (Glaessner, 136). The presence of Gorbachev led to t he decline of support for Honecker who was the leader of East Germany. The decline of support for the East Germany leader weakened his regime. Protest had been earlier witnessed in the Eastern European. However, the collapse of the GDR can be strongly linked to the position and policies of Gorbachev that transformed the whole of Eastern Europe. The policies of Gorbachev brought about the reform spirit. However, this was devoid of many other external events that were taking place in Eastern Europe. The external events included opposition movements, which failed in fostering the real spirit of change among the citizenry (Glaessner, 140). Counter argument to Gorbachev Contribution In the same breadth, some people argue that the spirit of change in Gorbachev policies was extrapolated as it was not the main intention of Gorbachev. It is argued that Gorbachev aimed at healing communism, as opposed to eliminating communism as was interpreted by many people. There were many problems that were facing the communistic regime of the Soviet Union. Therefore, Gorbachev was seeking to devise solutions through the formulation of policies that would help in improving the communistic administration. These changes led to the opening up of the communist societies. However, reformers did not get satisfaction thereby pushing for a further course that resulted in the collapse of the GDR. At this level, it was not easy to continue thriving in communism, and if so, it meant that the only option could have been the use of coercion. Gorbachev could not resort to this as it could have watered down all the reforms that had been achieved through his change policies (Lisiak, 57). The economic policies of the Soviet Union also led to the collapse of East Germany. The Soviet Union had a weak economy at that point in time. The weak economy could not support the maintenance of its satellite states and the Cold War. There were serious cutbacks in the substantial expenditures such as military and defence, which were critical in maintaining the political power. The expenditure in the leading departments had become unsustainable. This left Gorbachev with no other option, but the need to reduce the financial burden. This is what informed the change policies. This was followed by the collapse of communism and the activation of the â€Å"Sinatra Doctrine†. This called for the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from controlling Eastern Europe. This is how the GRD lost its military might. Political support became deficient, and the government would no longer hold up control of citizens. From these developments, Gorbachev found himself in a tight situation that pushed him to do what he did. He did not develop policies with the aim of creating a strong base of reforms that would free the GDR. Indeed, the GDR had been enjoying the support of the Soviet Union, and this had killed the possibility of opposition (Manghani, 138 –141). There was strong support from the gover nment. However, Gorbachev made a decision of moving away from supporting East Germany. This paved way to the flourishing of economic and legitimacy problems. Therefore, opposition rose beyond the level at which it could be contained by the government of East Germany. The Soviet leaders further made pronouncements of totally pulling out their support. This facilitated the collapse of the satellite states. Therefore, the massive opposition received a boost from the actions of Gorbachev (Gorbachev, 250). Other political Developments and their significance to the reunification of Germany As the influence of Gorbachev on the collapse of the GDR is analysed, it is necessary to look into the relative importance of the external factors. These factors are deemed to have integrated with the influence of Gorbachev to compound problems to East Germany. Such factors include the improvement of the relations between the two sections of German with the Western powers. The west played a part in th e collapse of East Germany. There were allegations of spread of propaganda by allies from Western Europe. Also, the development of Western Europe was an enticing factor to the movement in the East Germany. The West provided credit to the East, and this ended up worsening the economic situation in the East. The West helped in improving relations between the GDR and GFR. There was a reduction in the hostility that characterized the relations among the two republics. This paved way for the two parts of Germany to reunite. However, the West did not apply a lot of pressure on the East as some political analysts argue (Ruth, 1-10). The issue of reunification of Germany was well documented in the political priorities of West Germany. Therefore, it was just a matter of time before the East could be fully compelled to join the West. The culminating events in Europe also pointed to the fact that the Cold War was approaching an end. This would not have happened with a division still existing between Germany. The essence of having a unified Europe was becoming a key priority among European powers. The only thing that was holding a divided Europe was the divided ideologies between the United States and the Soviet Union. Therefore, the moves of Gorbachev only propelled what had been identified by the people of Europe as the factor for change. It is the people of the GRD who translated the views to action by indulging in some activities. The changes in Poland and Hungary relayed a warning to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union became aware that such a change could not be easily tamed through force (Cross, 3). The citizens of East Germany had found a path to get into West Germany and learn of the developments on the other side. They went through Hungary to Austria. From Austria, they got transportation services to West Germany and other Western Europe Countries. These people were escaping from the oppressive socialist regime in East Germany. Many other people managed to esc ape the country via Czechoslovakia. The remaining population was unusually active in conducting demonstrations against the regime. The government of East Germany had to act quickly to curtail the situation. Otherwise, it risked losing its control and popularity over the population. The government of East Germany had to resort to a desperate action: opening up the travelling to West Germany. The announcement of the authorization of travel to West Germany resulted to a vast population escaping to West Germany (Cross, 5). Thousands of East Germans flocked the wall as they sought to cross to West Germany. The guards who were manning the Berlin wall could not contain or control the masses. The population from the West met the population from the East as they exchanged pleasantries. It was evident that the Germans were happy to be reunited once again. This development was the greatest culminating event that resulted to the abolition of the Berlin wall. The population was reunified leadi ng to the reunification of the two countries. This event sealed the fate of the dual existence of Germany (Ruth, 1-10). When the GBR was totally immersed into changes that were taking place in Eastern Europe, communism had lost significance. It was no longer attractive to even the people who were behind it in the first place. Gorbachev policies were supported by West Germany. If West Germany would not have collaborated with East Germany, then the effect of the policies could not have gone to that extend. Therefore, it can be said that Gorbachev alone did not cause the collapse of the Soviet Union. His policies set a track for the collapse. It was the backing of the policies by external forces that made them significant to the collapse of GDR. Thus, Gorbachev was not exclusively responsible for the collapse of GDR. He is a collective participant in the development of this event (Manghani, 138-140). Strong presence and contribution of Honecker to GBR Collapse The failures of the gove rnment of East Germany under Honecker paved way for radical developments of the revolution. If Honecker had responded appropriately to the crisis by stiffening his governance, then maybe the events would not have turned out the way it did. Honecker needed to respond positively to the demands of the population. However, his leadership was stubborn. He chose to stick to the socialistic tendencies that were attributed to dictatorship. This fuelled the population in their quest for reforms. The actions of SED were provoking to the population as they led to reduction of the tolerance levels among citizens. On May seventh, the year 1989, the election results were nullified by the SED. This increased anger amongst the population thereby facilitating the pace at which they were resenting to the actions of the government. This resulted to the increase in the number and magnitude of demonstrations. This led to the weakening and collapse of the Government. Therefore, when compared to the con tributions of Gorbachev, the SED had a direct impact to the collapse of the Berlin wall. The policies of Gorbachev had an indirect effect on the course of activities in East Europe. Therefore, SED was the most direct contributor to the reuniting of the two sides of Germany (Pond, 35-66). Conclusion From the discussion and analysis in this paper, one factor cannot be proclaimed exclusively as the major cause of the collapse of the GDR. The collapse of the GDR can be linked to many events that occurred before this occasion. Both Mikhail Gorbachev and Honecker necessitated the collapse of the GDR. Honecker had direct contributions to the collapse of the East Germany. As a leader of the SED party, he made a number of decisions that triggered the opposition and demonstration against the government. Honecker was non responsive to the demands of the citizenry. He also strengthened the socialist policies in the country and against the will of the citizens. Furthermore, Honecker refused to embrace the changes that were proposed by Gorbachev. These actions filled the citizens with anger and agitation to push for changes. His actions resulted in a series of demonstrations that eventually culminated in the removal of the Berlin wall. On the other hand, the reform policies of Gorbachev are argued to have been a force in the reunification of Germany. The two main change policies that were proposed by Gorbachev had a sizeable impact on the disintegration of communism in East Europe. They sparked many other developments including the revolt against Honecker. Gorbachev and his policies had immense impacts to the collapse of the GDR. Baker, Barrie. Theatre Censorship in Honeckers Germany: From Volker Braun to Samuel Beckett. Oxford: P. Lang, 2007. Print. Childs, David. The Falssl of the Gdr: Germanys Road to Unity. Harlow: Longman, 2001. Print. Cross, Sharyl. The New Chapter in United States-Russian Relations: Opportunities and Challenges. Westport, Conn. u.a: Praeger, 1994. Print. Engel, Jeffrey A. Fall of the Berlin Wall: The Revolutionary Legacy of 1989. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Fleron, Frederic J, E.P. Hoffmann, and R.F. Laird. Contemporary Issues in Soviet Foreign Policy: From Brezhnev to Gorbachev. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers, 2009. Print. Gedmin, J. (1992). The hidden hand: Gorbachev and the collapse of East Germany. Washington, D.C: AEI Press. Glaessner, Gert-Joachim. German Democracy: From Post-World War Ii to the Present Day. Oxford: Berg, 2005. Print. Glaessner, Gert-Joachim. The Unification Process in Germany, From Dictatorship to Democracy. London, 1992 Gorbachev, Mikhail S. Mikhail Gorbachev: Prophet of Change: from the Cold War to a Sustainable World. Forest Row: Clairview, 2011. Print. Hyde-Price, Adrian G. V. The International Politics of East Central Europe. Manchester [u.a.: Manchester Univ. Press, 1996. Print. Kitchen, Martin, and M. Kitchen. A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present. Chich ester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Print. Kitson, Alison. Germany 1858-1990: Hope, Terror and Revival. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Print. Lisiak, Agata A. Urban Cultures in (post)colonial Central Europe. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press, 2011. Print. Manghani, Sunil. Image Critique the fall of the Berlin Wall. Bristol: Intellect, 2008. Print. Nuechterlein, Donald E. A Cold War Odyssey. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997. Print. Opp, Karl-Dieter, P. Voss, and C. Gern. Origins of a Spontaneous Revolution: East Germany, 1989. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1995. Print. Plock, Ernest D. East German West German Relations and the fall of the Gdr. Boulder, Colo. [u.a.: Westview Press, 1993. Print. Pond, Elizabeth. ‘A Wall Destroyed: The Dynamics of German Unification in the GDR’, International Security, 15, 2, (1999): 35 – 66. Print. Ruth, Dockrill Saki. The End of the Cold War Era. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010. Pri nt. Thomas, A. Baylis. Explaining the GDRs economic strategy. International Organization, 40, (1986): 381-420. Print. White, Stephen, J. Batt, and P.G. Lewis. Developments in Central and East European Politics 4. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Print.

Guam Trans-Pacific Telecommuncation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guam Trans-Pacific Telecommuncation - Essay Example Historically, the region served as a military base for the Second World War, and since then, the importance of the island to USA has never diminished. This research paper looks at the Guam Trans-Pacific Telecommunication, drawing materials from internet sources. It looks at the history of telecommunication network of the island, its significance in the Trans-Pacific Telecommunication and roles that Guam plays in facilitating this. Introduction Historically, the importance and significance of Guam cannot be underrated. Strikingly very important to America, the island won recognition of many people. Musicians sang about Guam, while historians and scholars studied and wrote history about it. The size of the islands is quite small, with a very little population. Yet, it is highly regarded due to the military base in San Diego among other factors. Historically, Guam has served as the biggest military base in America especially in the Second World War. The military base, so big and well eq uipped, has the likelihood of controlling half of Africa and Asia by the year 2015. The importance of Guam has constantly been increasing with time. Currently, Guam is the hub of trans-pacific telecommunication. This paper will discuss the significance of Guam in the Trans-Pacific telecommunication network. Importance of telecommunication In the modern world, the importance of telecommunication cannot be underestimated. Everything happening in the world is because of proper communication networks. Effects of good communication networks cannot be underestimated. Globalization for instance entirely relies on solid telecommunication network, which facilitate cross boarder business. The many American businesses that have global in the recent past can attribute this success to the telecommunication sector. Educationally, people take online classes, and still receive support from their instructors through good communication networks. The government on the other hand remains in contact wit h the rest of the world especially its ambassadors and agents through good telecommunication networks. The government, citing the unlimited importance of telecommunication, has increasingly invested in laying down a solid telecommunication network. History of Communication System of Guam Historically, Guam had close relations with the United States. In the year 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted â€Å"Guam† as was the norm with the former Spanish colonies. However, after this period, the trend stopped and the United States stamps started took effect ever since that time. The mailing system of the United States charges was set at a domestic fee instead of an international fee. Up to date, the island uses postage stamps of the United States, which has increasingly revolutionized the way locals of the island operate their businesses. Significance of Guam in the American Telecommunication Network According to â€Å"International Business Pub USA† (236), Guam I sland, due to its strategic geographical placement serves America in a number of ways and most significantly the current boom in the telecommunication sector. Lying in the western part of the pacific ocean and close to three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines, it Guam is one of the largest island among the Mariana group of islands archipelago, located at the furthest

The war between Georgia and Ossetia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The war between Georgia and Ossetia - Essay Example The key issue of the conflict is the history of the two nations. It is important to determine who the original settlers in the region are. Georgia believes that they are the initial settlers of the place given that Ossetia settlement began two to three centuries before the war. The Ossetia nationals however believe they are a descendant of the Alans, a tribe that occupied the Caucasus in ancient times. In 1918, Georgia declared its independence and signed a friendly treaty with Russia in 1920 where it recognized South Ossetia as its integral part (Sammut and Cvetkovski 7). In 1918 Georgia left Russia and South Ossetia declared independence as a Soviet republic on 8th June 1920. Conflict arose after the separation with each nation justifying its move. The people believed that the issue would rise again, but the central question was how and when (Sammut and Cvetkovski 8). The causes of the war are complex and multifaceted. The Caucus has faced territorial struggles since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since the 20004 election of the Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili tension in the region has been high. Mikhaels’s national policies were to further democratic reforms in Georgia and also pushed for the accession of Georgia to NATO. He tightened border controls and hence increased pressure on South Ossetia and what was called the Rose Revolution. He dismantled a smuggling operation organized by Russia and which included corrupt Georgia officials. He further gave military, police and intelligence personnel in South Ossetia arguing it was aimed at enhancing peacekeeping. Russia also sent its paramilitary to South Ossetia and also assisted those form Abkhazia and Transintria to gain access to South Ossetia. Clashes between the paramilitaries by late 2004 led to Russia and Georgia withdrawing most of their paramilitary forces. The internat ional community intervened and helped

Buying fashion apparel (fashion merchandising) Essay

Buying fashion apparel (fashion merchandising) - Essay Example , and constrictive clothes and accessories that were characteristic of the fashion that existed in the nineteenth century (Sterlacci and Arbuckle 41). Various fashion models and celebrities from all over the world have personified the products from this fashion house. The House of Chanel is synonymous with the little black dress and the suit along with a perfume that has recorded a lot of success (Willett 86). The company’s utilization of jersey fabrics created comfortable garments which were affordable for the target market. The company transformed the fashion industry including the high fashion and everyday fashion through switching the structured silhouettes that were based on the corset with clothing that was functional while maintaining flattery of the figure of a woman. During the 1920s, the simple designs associated with Chanel popularized the flat chested fashions that were dissimilar from the hour-glass figure which had been popularised in the late nineteenth century (Willett 86). The company utilized manly hues like grey and navy blue to demonstrate fashion boldness of personality. The clothes associated with the company included quilted fabric as well as leather trimmings where this quilted construction is meant to reinforce the fabric, design, finish to create a cloth that maintains its form, and function when it has been worn. A case in point of such a garment is the woollen Chanel suit that entails a skirt and cardigan styled suit which is knee-length, cropped with black embroidery decorations and golden buttons. The accessories that complement this garment were two-tone pump shoes together with jewellery, typically pearl necklaces and a handbag made from leather material. Brand positioning starts with clearly understanding of the customers being targeted and describe them in terms of the prevailing usage patterns, demographic attributes as well as general objectives. Insight in the objectives of the target population is particularly critical as

Importance of Expanding Knowledge Throughout Nursing Career

Importance of Expanding Knowledge Throughout Nursing Career Professional development Continuing Professional development is where health care professionals maintain and develop a range of learning activities throughout their career to ensure competency and ability to practice safely, effectively and legally within their field of practice (Health and Care Professions Council 2014a). This essay will discuss a range of ethical, cultural, legal, managerial topics and their theory basis, highlighting the importance of expanding knowledge and experience throughout my career, in order to continually develop as a professional. Demonstrate moral reasoning and the application of legal frameworks in the discussion of ethical issues in healthcare practice Ethics are the collective belief and value system of communities, social and professional groups (Reeves and Orford 2003). Such ethical values can determine a healthcare professional’s behaviour through internally motivated standards for example goals of nursing can be based on a moral goal, value of seeking good and doing right (Raines 1994). Similarly, moral reasoning is when an individual uses moral goals and values to inform their decisions, attitudes and behaviour. Nevertheless, legal frameworks are also in place to protect the public when the moral reasoning of healthcare professionals produces poor care or harm (Wheeler 2012). During our PD2 (Professional development 2) Problem based learning (PBL) we saw an example of how health professionals’: morals, ethics, beliefs and values, have negatively affected patient care (See Appendix 1) due to the ethical principles of autonomy, benefice, non-maleficence and justice Beauchamp and Childress being breached (2001). The physiotherapist who refused to treat the patient, the head of rehabilitation and, the clinical manager who chose not to act on the physiotherapists’ decision, caused maleficence to the patient as they didn’t receive the care required. Justice and autonomy were also overlooked as the patient was treated unfairly, having their freedom and rights taken away. Subsequently, under the Human Rights Act 1998, the patient is permitted to have recourse to the UK courts; as authority have not respected their rights. Furthermore the Equality Act 2010, describes those diagnosed with HIV as disabled, thus they’re entitled to protect ion against discrimination; which the patient experienced in this situation (UK Gov 2014). Furthermore, it is the Nursing and Midwifery Code (NMC) and the Health Care Professionals Councils’ (HCPC) responsibility to protect the public, thereby determining the professional standards which nurses and physiotherapists must work to (Wheeler 2012). However, in this situation the healthcare professionals have not adhered to the codes, for example the HCPC code of conduct, performance and ethics states that ` You must act in the best interests of service users` (HCPC 2014b) where instead, the healthcare professionals have adapted a judgemental and biased attitude as a result of their own morals and beliefs. The NMC (2014) states that, `you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions` therefore as health professionals they can be held accountable by the law, endangering their fitness to practice and professional registration (Reeves and Orford 2003). The breaches of UK legislation and nursing conduct means the health professionals involved would have no place in the law courts, with the Bolam test also in place to recognise the medical negligence. Furthermore the philosophical concept of rule utilitarianism means that the law courts would focus on the codes of practice which have been prescribed as the optimum set of rules within healthcare practice, further highlighting the misconduct of the healthcare professionals. Utilitarianism within other situations however could be criticised as rule utilitarianism is willing to cause more suffering than happiness to avoid violating a generalised rule (Mason and Whitehead 2005). This situation highlights the importance of selectiveness of personal, moral and, ethical values when in practice. Furthermore, it also highlights the negative and positive impact of moral reasoning, where the act of whistleblowing has a positive impact on patient care. I feel that as a developing health professional I should increase my knowledge of the law and continue to abide strictly to my code of professional conduct, to ensure I practice in a reasonable, responsible and rational manner when ethical issues arise. Discuss factors of cultural competence and ethnicity and identify your particular learning needs to enable you to help a named minority group of your choice overcome inequalities in healthcare. Cultural competence is the understanding of; values, beliefs, traditions and customs of diverse groups. Ethnicity is defined as; a social group of people who identify with each other based on common experiences, such as cultural heritage, language and religion (Ingram 2011). Diverse multi-ethnic groups require diverse healthcare needs, challenging health professionals to be culturally competent in order to provide appropriate care (Patel et. al 2007). During our PD2 PBL a scenario (See Appendix 2) highlighted the importance of being culturally competent in order to meet the healthcare needs of a culturally diverse community. Josepha Camphina-Bacote, 1998 developed;’ The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services model’, which views cultural competence as an ongoing process through Health Professional Development striving to effectively work with the cultural context of the client by seeing themselves as ‘becoming’, rather than ‘being’ culturally competent. The model focuses on the constructs of; cultural awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters, and desire which can be applied to the PD2 situation when discussing improvements in cultural competence of the health professionals involved (Camphina-Bacote 2002). A number of inner-cities throughout Britain are experiencing a growing population of multi-ethnic groups, in 2011, 3.9% of Sparkhill were classed as having a multiple ethnicity, compared to 2.3% of Englands’ Population. 21.7% of Sparkhills’ population had no member of their household with the first language being English compared to 4.4% of the population of England. These statistics highlight the importance of cultural competency for healthcare professionals working within Sparkhill due to the various values, beliefs, and languages they will encounter. In order to be culturally competent, Camphina-Bacote (2002) recognises that healthcare professionals need to gain cultural knowledge on health-related beliefs, values and traditions so they will be able to recognise how patients interpret and understand their illness (Lavizzo-Mourey 1996), determining the required actions for the patient to receive appropriate care. For example Muslims have Salat; obligatory Muslim prayers performed five times each day, healthcare professionals working in Sparkhill need cultural knowledge on this practice to avoid arranging clinics or appointments during these times which would result in patient absence, thus absence of patient care. Furthermore Camphina-Bacote (2002) recognises the need for cultural awareness; the act of reflecting and exploring personal cultural and professional background involving recognition of prejudices, stereotypes and assumptions which could affect the care delivered to patients. When reflecting on my own cultural competence I feel that I know little about the values and traditions of other cultures, as highlighted by an incident on placement; a lady refused to remove her religious attire when asked to put on a theatre gown. I was unaware of the patients’ culture and the importance of the dress to her. Additionally the trust holds its own policy on religious attire; I was unsure how to handle the situation and stepped back. On my reflection ability of clinical situations I feel that I should increase my cultural knowledge and awareness on trust policies in order to make sure patients in my care do not receive unfair, discriminatory treatment based on their culture to further devel op as a professional. Identify a particular theory of change, outline briefly and discuss it critically showing how it may be useful/helpful to bring about service improvement in your work as nurse or physio Healthcare revolves around increasingly ambiguous and turbulent times, where culture innovation of change is essential in order to meet the changing healthcare needs of the population and the advancements in research and technology (Broome 1990). In our PD2 PBL groups we looked at a scenario (See Appendix 3) which suggested a need for change in the way care was delivered on the ward. These changes could be implemented through using models of change such as the Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) four stage model. The first stage `plan’, highlighting the change to be implemented, `Do’ stage is the action of carrying out the change, `study’ stage, collecting the data before and after the change and reflection upon it. The final stage `Act’ is the full implementation of the change or the plan of additional changes (National Health Service 2008). The PDSA model can be applied to any healthcare setting and allows multidisciplinary involvement. The model allows the use of measurable goals so that the effectiveness of quality improvement can be reviewed throughout (Nakayama et al 2010). Wonderlich (2007) recognises how the model uses a simple `bottom up’ approach to change with the ongoing PDSA cycle or repetition of the PDSA process allowing continuous small scale improvement. Testing on a small scale; for example, implementing change on the stroke ward within the scenario and learning from it before advancement to service improvement on a broader scale within the trust reduces risk making it a highly effective, recommended model which is used frequently. The model however requires leadership from a professional with adequate stature; clinical director, to ensure tasks are communicated across teams. These tasks also take priority in order to be completed; meaning without effective leadership some healthcare professionals may not be committed (Nakayama et al 2010). An alternative model is Lewins three stage theory of change; `unfreeze, moving and refreeze’. Although, Lewins model previously dominated change theory, as a core basis for many models due to its history, it is now often overlooked by modernised approaches such as the PDSA cycle or the NHS change model (NHS Change Model 2013). Further criticism of Lewins model is that it takes a top-down, management-driven approach to change, in scenarios such as the one looked at in our PBL groups where frontline health care staff such as staff nurses will be the agents of change upon the ward meaning Lewins approach to change would be inappropriate (Burnes 2004). As I develop as a professional I feel it is important that I continue to increase my knowledge on the process of change, service improvement and the models which can support this. Through my role as a Student Nurse I am part of the healthcare system and therefore, in the position to bring about change. What do the concepts of group and group dynamics mean to you? Using your theoretical understanding of the notions of groups and group dynamics, critically discuss your own contribution and that of your peers in problem based learning. Groups are defined as a number of people who share objectives, identity and a frame of reference. The way the group acts and responds to changing situations is defined by group dynamics. Within the PD2 model we were separated into sets of fifteen people, each set forming a group due to our shared purpose and goal of being developing health professionals who wish to complete the module (Forsyth 2010). Group establishments such as these can be outlined by Tuckman whi developed a model in 1965 explaining his theory of group development through 4 stages. `Forming’ , the first stage; a team make contact, develop trust and agree on similarities or common goals. Second stage; `Storming’, differences in opinion are expressed meaning power, control and resource issues are identified and communication skills developed. In the `Norming’ stage, decisions are made through negotiation, group roles and problem solving processes which are agreed. Finally the group works collaboratively producing effective results; ‘Performing’ stage. Although one of the most commonly used models for group development, it consists of a number of criticisms; not all groups will follow these stages so clear cut, theorists also argue that groups often repeat stages throughout their time rather than completing each cycle once as Tuckman suggests. It could also be argued that the stages should not stop at ‘Performing’ and should consider the stages of evaluation and reflection (Tuckman 1965)(Forsyth 2010)(Elwyn and Greenhalgh et al. 2001). This evaluation and reflection process was used within our PD2 groups including evaluating our own contribution. Within our group there was minimal interaction between members, with evident subgroups; all nursing students sat together, separated from physiotherapy students. Subgroups often occur due to previously established connections in social and emotional bonds and can affect the group dynamics; for example a physio may dismiss a comment from a student nurse due to the isolation caused by the subgroups. However our group facilitator evaluated the dynamics of the group throughout the sessions emphasising the possibility of the Hawthorne Effect (Forsyth 2010) as participants knew they were being evaluated, so may not have taken on their natural role. On reflection I feel that if I was involved in another group I would encourage a mix of group members who have no established connection in order to create cohesion, improve team work, the group dynamics and group outcomes. I would also recommend that the group are kept unaware of the facilitator’s evaluation to prevent the Hawthorne effect and encourage members to take on a natural role in the group. Moreover, researcher Belbin (1981) recognises nine different roles within groups which can be adapted by the members; bringing skills and expertise to the group and affecting the groups’ dynamics as roles are influenced by personality and self-perception. However Belbins roles include criticisms that they’re limited to management groups, although, the identified weaknesses and positive qualities of the roles are transferrable to other groups such as those within healthcare (Belbin, 1981). In order to reflect on our contributions within the PBL groups we carried out Belbins’ self-perception inventory which allowed me to recognise my roles; `The company worker’ and ‘The complete-Finisher’. Before I was unsure as to what my role was within the team, but I agree with the self-perception inventory findings and feel that I can now build on my suited roles when participating in future groups allowing for professional development.